Emerging European Regime on Liability arising from Artificial Intelligence Systems
Main Article Content
Abstract
The publication on September 28, 2022 of two Proposals for Directives dealing with aspects related to damages caused by artificial intelligence systems gives rise to interesting and controversial issues. In this paper, after exposing some aspects common to both and establishing the differences, I first focus on the study of the Proposal for a Directive on non-contractual civil liability arising from the placing in the market or putting into service in the market of artificial intelligence systems to conclude, among other considerations, that the burden of proof on the victim is alleviated very little -if at all-. I then discuss some aspects in relation to the Proposal for a Directive on product liability concerning the same systems which, in this case, would be embedded in the term "software". I address, among other areas of interest, that the large number of indeterminate legal concepts and the possibilities of rebuttable presumptions that the Proposal leaves open (defect, causal link or both) does not make the work of the judge or its implementation into domestic national systems very easy.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
- Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas, que permite a terceros compartir reconociendo adecuadamente la auoria del texto, no utilizar el material con fines comerciales, y si remezcla, transforma o crea a partir del material, no puede difundir el material modificado.
References
ATAZ LÓPEZ, J., “Daños causados por las cosas: una nueva visión a raíz de la robótica y de la inteligencia artificial”, working paper, 4/2020, UB, págs. 1-74.
ELI Draft of a Revised Product Liability Directive, https://www.europeanlawinstitute.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/p_eli/Publications/ELI_Draft_of_a_Revised_Product_Liability_Directive.pdf. Fecha de la consulta: diciembre 2022.
ELI Feedback on the European Commission’s Proposal for a Revised Products Liability Directive”, 2022, págs. 1-37. https://www.europeanlawinstitute.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/p_eli/Publications/ELI_Feedback_on_the_EC_Proposal_for_a_Revised_Product_Liability_Directive.pdf. Fecha de la consulta: diciembre 2022.
DE BRUYNE, J. et al., “The European Commission’s Approach To Extra-Contractual Liability and AI – A First Analysis and Evaluation of the Two Proposals”, CiTiP Working Paper, 2022, KU Leuven Centre for IT & IP Law, 6 October 2022, págs. 1-64.
EBERS, M. et al., “The European Commission’s Proposal for an Artificial Intelligence Act—A Critical Assessment by Members of the Robotics and AI Law Society (RAILS)”, Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal, 2021, 4, págs. 589–603.
HOWELLS, G. et al., “Product Liability and Digital Products”, en SYNODINOU, T. E. et al. (ed.), EU Internet Law – Regulation and Enforcement, Springer, 2017, págs. 175-190.
MENDO CARMONA, C. et al., “Del acceso a la reutilización, del dato al documento: una visión conceptual de la información pública”, Revista española de documentación científica, 36(3), julio-septiembre, 2013, págs. 1-12. Fecha de la consulta: diciembre 2022.
NAVAS NAVARRO, S., “Sex Discrimination in European and Spanish Contract Law” en SCHULZE, R. (ed.), Non-Discrimination in European Private Law, Mohr Siebeck, Tubinga, 2011, págs. 233-265.
ELIZALDE SALAZAR, I., Vehículos autónomos. Responsabilidad civil y seguro, 1ª. Edic. Aranzadi. Cizur Menor. 2022.
TWIGG-FLESNER, Chr., “Guiding Principles for Adapting the Products Liability Directive for the Digital Age”, ELI Innovation Paper Series, págs. 1-13. online: europeanlawinstitute.eu. Fecha de la consulta: diciembre 2022.
WENDEHORST, Chr., Safety and Liability Related Aspects of Software, págs. 1-90. file:///C:/Users/1001496/Downloads/Study_SafetyLiability_Software_20201102_CoverEC_May2021_0Jvn7GN82h0zt1xgZgmhFWqk_77327.pdf. Fecha de la consulta: diciembre 2022.