Buenas prácticas agrícolas para el control de la erosión hídrica del suelo en los cultivos anuales de las montañas de Guatemala y Nicaragua

Contenido principal del artículo

Rafael Blanco Sepúlveda
Francisco Javier Lima
María Luisa Gómez Moreno
Francisco Enríquez Narváez
Amilcar Aguilar Carrillo

Resumen

Los cultivos anuales (maíz, frijol, arveja, brócoli, papa y zanahoria) son muy importantes para la economía de los pequeños productores en las zonas montañosas de Guatemala y Nicaragua. La sostenibilidad de estos cultivos se encuentra en una situación muy precaria, debido a la degradación del suelo por erosión hídrica. Esta situación hace necesario reconducir los sistemas agrícolas actuales hacia modelos sostenibles. Los objetivos de este trabajo han sido: (1) analizar las pérdidas de suelos en los citados cultivos en Guatemala y Nicaragua, y (2) establecer las malas y buenas prácticas agrícolas para un adecuado control de la erosión. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que las medidas de control de la erosión que se requieren para revertir la situación son: (1) uso preferente de técnicas de no laboreo y (2) mantener una cobertura vegetal mínima para proteger el suelo de la erosión, lo que varía según el sistema de cultivo.

Detalles del artículo

Cómo citar
Blanco Sepúlveda, R., Lima, F. J., Gómez Moreno, M. L., Enríquez Narváez, F., & Aguilar Carrillo, A. (2023). Buenas prácticas agrícolas para el control de la erosión hídrica del suelo en los cultivos anuales de las montañas de Guatemala y Nicaragua. Ikara. Revista De Geografías Iberoamericanas, (3). https://doi.org/10.18239/Ikara.3319
Sección
Artículos

Citas

Banco Mundial (2023, 17 de marzo). Base de datos sobre salud, nutrición y población del Banco Mundial. http://databank.bancomundial.org/data/reports.aspx?source=estad%C3%ADstics-sobresalud,nutrici%C3%B3n-y-poblaci%C3%B3n

Blanco, R., & Aguilar, A. (2016). The erosion threshold for a sustainable agriculture in cultures of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under conventional tillage and no-tillage in Northern Nicaragua. Soil Use and Management, 32(3), 368-380. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12271

Blanco, R. (2018). An erosion control and soil conservation method for agrarian uses based on determining the erosion threshold. MethodsX, 5, 761-772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2018.07.007

Blanco, R., & Enríquez, F. (2018). Erosion Control in the Sustainable Cultivation of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Two Stages of the Agricultural Cycle in Southern Guatemala. Sustainability, 10(12), 4654. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124654

Blanco, R., Aguilar, A., & Lima, F. (2021a). Impact of Weed Control by Hand Tools on Soil Erosion under a No-Tillage System Cultivation. Agronomy, 11(5), 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050974

Blanco, R., Enríquez, F., & Lima, F. (2021b). Effectiveness of conservation agriculture (tillage vs. vegetal soil cover) to reduce water erosion in maize cultivation (Zea mays L.): An experimental study in the sub-humid uplands of Guatemala. Geoderma, 404, 115336, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115336

Borrelli, P., Robinson, D.A., Panagos, P., Lugato, E., Yang, J.E., Alewell, C., Wuepper, D., Montanarella, L., & Ballabio C. (2020). Land use and climate change impacts on global soil erosion by water (2015-2070). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 117(36), 21994-22001. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001403117

Ebel, R. (2020). Chinampas: An Urban Farming Model of the Aztecs and a Potential Solution for Modern Megalopolis. HortTechnology, 30(1), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04310-19

FAO (2017). Directrices voluntarias para la gestión sostenible de los suelos. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura. FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/i6874es/I6874ES.pdf

FAO (2023, 10 de marzo). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC

FAO-ITPS (2015). Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR) – Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils. https://www.fao.org/3/i5199e/i5199e.pdf

Gholami, L., Sadeghi, S.H., & Homaee, M. (2013). Straw mulching effect on splash erosion, runoff and sediment yield from eroded plots. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 77(1), 268-278. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2012.0271a

Herweg, K. (1996). Field manual for assessment of current erosion damage. Soil Conservation Research Programme, University of Berne. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Karl-Herweg/publication/339788822_Assessment_of_Current_Erosion_Damage/links/5e662232299bf1744f6ba8ad/Assessment-of-Current-Erosion-Damage.pdf

Hudson, N.W. (1993). Field Measurement of Soil Erosion and Runoff. FAO Soils Bulletin. https://www.fao.org/3/T0848E/T0848E00.htm

Illgner, P.M. (2008). Land Degradation Assessment – Kalukundi (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (Specialist report for Envirolution Consulting (Pty) Ltd).

IPCC (2018). Chapter 3: Impacts of 1.5 °C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in Global Warming of 1.5 ºC. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-3/

Kang, M.S., & Banga, S.S. (2013). Global agriculture and climate change. Journal of Crop Improvement, 27, 667–692. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2013.845051

Kreiselmeier, J., Chandrasekhar, P., Weninger, T., Schwen, A., Julich, S., Feger, K.H., & Schwarzel, K. (2020). Temporal variations of the hydraulic conductivity characteristic under conventional and conservation tillage. Geoderma, 362, 114127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114127

Kumari R.K., de Sherbinin, A., Jones, B., Bergmann, J., Clement, V., Ober, K., Schewe, J., Adamo, S., McCusker, B., Heuser, S., & Midgley, A. (2018.) Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration. The World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/infographic/ 2018/03/19/groundswell---preparing-for-internal-climate-migration

Leys, A., Govers, G., Gillijns, K., Berckmoes, E., & Takken, I. (2010). Scale effects on runoff and erosion losses from arable land under conservation and conventional tillage: The role of residue cover. Journal of Hydrology, 390, 143-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.06.034

Morgan, R.P.C. (2005). Soil erosion and conservation, Third. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Murty, D., Kirschbaum, M.U.F., McMurtrie, R.E., & McGilvray, H. (2002). Does conversion of forest to agricultural land change soil carbon and nitrogen? A review of the literature. Global Change Biology, 8, 105-123. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00459.x

Mutekanga, F.P., Visser, S.M., & Stroosnijder, L. (2010). A tool for rapid assessment of erosion risk to support decision-making and policy development at the Ngenge watershed in Uganda. Geoderma, 160, 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.09.011

Panagos, P., Borrelli, P., Meusburger, K., Yu, B., Klik, A., Jae Lim, K., Lim, J., Yang, J.E., Ni, J., Miao, C., Chattopadhyay, N., Hamidreza S., Hazbavi, Z., Zabihi, M., Larionov, G., Krasnov, S., Gorobets, A., Levi, Y., Erpul, G., Birkel, C., Hoyos, N., Naipal, V., Tarso, P., Oliveira, S., Bonilla, C., Meddi, M., Nel, W., Al Dashti, H., Boni, M., Diodato, N., Van Oost, K., Nearing, M., & Ballabio, C. (2017). Global rainfall erosivity assessment based on high-temporal resolution rainfall records. Scientific reports, 7, 4175. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04282-8

Patel, R. (2013). The Long Green Revolution. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(1), 1-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.719224

Piñeiro, M., Trigo, E., & Fiorentino, R. (1979). Technical change in Latin American agriculture. Food Policy, 4, 169-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(79)90097-6

Prosdocimi, M., Tarolli, P., & Cerdà, A. (2016). Mulching practices for reducing soil water erosion: A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 161, 191-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.08.006

Six, J., Bossuyt, H., Degryze, S., & Denef, K. (2004). A history of research on the link between (micro)aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil and Tillage Research, 79(1), 7-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.08.006

Soto, F., & Saramago, A.P. (2019). Migración y desarrollo rural en América Latina y el Caribe. FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/ca5107es/ca5107es.pdf

Stocking, M., & Murnaghan, N. (2001). Handbook for the Field Assessment of Land Degradation. Earthscan Pub. Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849776219

Sun, Y., Zeng, Y., Shi, Q., Pan, X., & Huang, S. (2015). No-tillage controls on runoff: A meta-analysis. Soil and Tillage Research, 153, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.04.007

Turmel, M.S., Speratti, A., Baudron, F., Verhulst, N., & Govaerts, B. (2015). Crop residue management and soil health: a systems analysis. Agricultural Systems, 134, 6-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2014.05.009

Yu, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, C., Xin, X., & Li, H. (2017). The coupling effects of soil organic matter and particle interaction forces on soil aggregate stability. Soil and Tillage Research, 174, 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.08.004

Zhang, Y., Zhao, W., Li, X., Jia, A., & Kang, W. (2020). Contribution of soil macropores to water infiltration across different land use types in a desert–oasis ecoregion. Land Degradation and Development, 32(4), 1751-1760. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3823